Backlink
Links from another page to your page. Backlinks can be internal (from the same site) , or external (from another site). External backlinks are believed to bring more weight to site's importance
Rumors say, that links , placed on same class C subnet are treated as internal, though they can originate from different domains.
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PR
Page rating. Google's score of the page. Can range from 0 to 10. Currently it is a reflection of real Google's rank 4-6 month ago. It isn't really explained in any whitepaper, but is considered to give a score of site's internal optimization and amount of quality backlinks to site. Different pages, different subdomains might have different PageRank.
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Keywords
Those are the words, that people use in their search engine queries. Different keywords give different result sets. Site's optimization is usually done for various related keywords.
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Index count
Sites are "indexed" by search engines. This means, that search engines read the content of site's pages, and save them. The more pages are indexed, the larger site is. Except the site's size, number of internal backlinks (that increase with every internal page, that links back to home) influences sites rating.
Index count is number of pages from that domain, that is indexed in Google.
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SERPs
Search Engine Result Page (or Result Position)
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Internal Optimization
There are set of rules, that influence your site's SERPs, if followed correctly. Basically, those rules are just a sanity check - proper page Title,proper headings,meaningful text, anchors, pictures description , and so on.
If you change your site to follow those rules,you are internally optimizing your site. This is very important part, because you are in control of your site, and you are responsible for outgoing link or site content. Search engines can reward/punish you for optimization. (Site with bad optimization usually won't be high on ranks, even if it has a lot of backlinks, because it might seem untrustworthy)
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